Panavia Tornado
Созданный многонациональным западноевропейским консорциумом, Tornado остается одним из основных европейских боевых самолетов. Его ударные, разведывательные и предназначенные для подавления ПВО варианты сыграли ДальшеMore>>>
важную роль на Балканах, в Ираке и Ливии.
Великобритания, Западная Германия и Италия приступили к разработке Tornado в 1968 году, первый полет прототипа состоялся в 1974 году, а поставки серийных машин начались 1979 году. Самолеты британских ВВС продолжают нести службу в основном как дальние перехватчики и сухопутные ударные машины. Также на них возложены задачи борьбы с кораблями (Tornado GR.Mk 1B) и разведка (Tornado GR.Mk 1A). В 2001 году британские ВВС начали эксплуатацию GR.Mk 1, модернизированных до стандарта Tornado GR.Mk 4. Эти машины получили новые дисплеи в кабине, совместимые с очками ночного видения и модернизированной системой FLIR, расширенный комплекс средств РЭП, а также возможность нести контейнер TIALD для автономного использования высокоточного оружия. Разведывательные GR.Mk 1A были аналогичным образом доработаны до стандарта GR.Mk 4A.
На начало 2012 года германские Люфтваффе располагали 148 самолетами IDS, включая 31 в стандарте ECR (Electronic Combat and Reconnaissance), вооруженном противорадиолокационными ракетами AGM-88 HARM. Самолеты должны пройти программу модернизации, аналогичную британским машинам, также получив возможность нести контейнер целеуказания Litening и буксируемую противорадиолокационную ловушку.
В состав нового вооружения вошли бомбы с лазерным наведением BLU-109 и GBU-22 Paveway III, тактические крылатые ракеты KEPD 350 Taurus и ракеты класса "воздух-воздух" IRIS-T. Пятьдесят самолетов IDS германской морской авиации (Marineflieger) использовались для решения ударных задач, борьбы с кораблями (с ПКР Kormoran), прорыва ПВО (с ракетами HARM) и разведки, но в начале 2000-х годов их передали Люфтваффе после сокращения подразделений Marinefliger.
Итальянские ВВС располагают тремя истребительно-бомбардировочными группами IDS, одна из которых, вооруженная ПКР Kormoran, специализируется на решении противокорабельных задач. Италия доработала 15 самолетов до стандарта IT ECR, оснастив их соответствующим БРЭО и ракетами HARM для подавления ПВО.
Оператором Tornado остается и Саудовская Аравия, которая свела оставшиеся из 96 поставленных машин в три подразделения, одно из которых использует 12 Tornado в варианте разведчика.
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ТАКТИКО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
Panavia Tornado GR.Mk 4
Тип: двухместный всепогодный перехватчик и ударный самолет
Силовая установка: два ТРДДФ Turbo-Union RB.199 Mk 103 тягой по 38,48 кН без форсажа и 71,50 кН на форсаже
Летные характеристики: максимальная скорость на высоте 10975 м - 2338 км/ч или М-2,20; время набора высоты 9145 м менее 2 мин; потолок 15 240 м; боевой радиус при полете с максимальной боевой нагрузкой по профилю "большая-малая-большая высота" 1390 км
Масса: пустого 13 890 кг; максимальная взлетная 27 951 кг
Размеры: размах крыла 13,91 м при минимальной стреловидности и 8,60 м при максимальной стреловидности; длина 16,72 м; высота 5,95 м; площадь крыла 26,60 м1
Вооружение: две 27-мм пушки IWKA Mauser с боезапасом 180 снарядов; максимальная боевая нагрузка свыше 9000 кг; в настоящее время она включает 454-кг свободнопадающие бомбы, бомбы с лазерным наведением CPU-123/B Paveway II; новое вооружение включает бомбы GBU-28 Paveway III и ракеты Storm Shadow
Прототипы
First prototype of the Panavia MRCA multi-role combat aircraft. A cover plate has been removed to show the port wing pivot
A first glimpse of the MRCA at Manching.
Первый прототип "Торнадо" завершает первый полет
Second prototype of the Panavia MRCA multi-role combat aircraft, with its wings in the fully-swept position
Nine prototypes and three pre-series Panavia Tornadoes have flown so far and production has been authorised for 809 aircraft, of which 385 are destined for RAF service. The example illustrated is XX947.
Panavia MRCA prototype 03, the first example of the trainer version and the first with camouflage finish (5 August 1975)
BAC-assembled Panavia Tornado 03, XX947
For comparison here's the underside of the other "swing-winger" at the Show, Panavia Tornado XX948, the 6th prototype
BAC'S MILITARY FAMILY - Seen over Warton are (left to right): Tornado sixth prototype XX948, a Jaguar GR.1 for the R.A.F., Strikemaster Mk. 80 1124 for the R. Saudi A.F., R.A.F. Lightning F.2A XN795, and a Canberra TT.18 of the Royal Navy. The Tornado and Jaguar are, of course, produced in collaboration with BAC’s European partners. To date some 3,800 aircraft of these five types have been ordered, of which 2,800 are in service (including 1,000 exported or built under licence abroad). During the 1980s some 1,200 Tornadoes and Jaguars will be in NATO service and there will still be some 300 Canberras, Jet Provosts and Lightnings in service with the R.A.F. and Royal Navy
Tornado, Jaguar, Harrier and Hawk in a get-together formation to illustrate the four major military aircraft types produced by British Aerospace
Panavia Tornado P.04 has now made weapon-carrying trials in West Germany which included the carriage of four Kormoran anti-shipping missiles, two beneath the fuselage and two underwing. P.04 is the first Tornado to fly in the markings of the German Navy.
One of representatives of high-performance variable-sweep combat aircraft: the multi-national Panavia Tornado, due to enter service in 1980.
Восьмой прототип "Торнадо" незадолго до катастрофы, которая произошла 12 июня 1979г.
Last of the nine Panavia Tornado prototypes, 09 X-587, seen at Aeritalia's flight test centre at Caselle, near Turin, flew on 5th February 1977
The Caselle-based Panavia Tornado 09, photographed in February 1977, is being used for flutter and armament trials.
Photographed taking-off from Caselle Sud during initial flight testing. Tornado P-09 has seen extensive trials over the Decimomannu test range in Sardinia, where stores release programmes have included Kormoran, retarded and normal Mk 83 bombs, twin-weapons carrier and subsonic tanks. It has also been involved in flutter testing.
In total, 16 MRCA development aircraft were built. The ninth prototype, X-587, was built by Aeritalia (itself a conglomeration of Fiat and Aerfer since 1969) at Caselle and made its first flight on February 5, 1977. The tenth prototype was used as a fatigue test airframe at Warton, and the remaining six were built as pre-production aircraft; three in the UK, two in Germany and one in Italy.
Девятый прототип использовали для отработки вооружения "Торнадо"
Second Italian-assembled Tornado, P.09 X-587 during weapon trials - note the large number of calibration marks on the fuselage. P.09 made its first flight on February 5, 1977. Advances in fly-by-wire and stealth technology may ensure that the Tornado can be considered as the first - and final - word in variable geometry from a British (and European?) point of view.
Pre-series
Rolled out at BAC's Warton aerodrome on 14th November, Panavia Tornado No. 12, serial XZ630, is the second of six pre-series aircraft (Nos. 11-16) which will be used mainly for evaluation at Government test centres. No. 10 is a static test airframe at Warton
Cocooned within the cockpit of XZ630, Don Thomas and Jim Stuttard prepare to demonstrate the aircraft for the press at Boscombe Down the day before the author's flight. For the latter a camera pod was fitted to the starboard outer wing pylon, but otherwise it was flown "clean". Note the twin mainwheels, which rotate through 90 deg to the line of flight during the retraction sequence.
British Aerospace Tornado GR.I XX947 is the Air Defence variant, and made its first public debut alongside its interdictor-strike stablemate. The GR.I is carrying eight dummy 1,000lb bombs.
The swing-wing Tornado, in production for the armed forces of Britain, Germany and Italy, has extensive load-carrying capability on its wing and fuselage pylons as shown in this photograph.
Modern strike aircraft often have a high-integrity flight control system that allows the aircraft to be flown automatically at low level. The Panavia Tornado has an automatic terrain-following system linked to a radar mounted in the nose.
With wheels down and high-lift devices on the leading and trailing edges extended on the fully-forward wing, XZ630 is seen here on final approach to base. The aircraft was delivered to the A&AEE at Boscombe Down by test pilot Dave Eagles on February 3, 1978, and was used extensively by the unit for weapons-release trials.
BAC-assembled Panavia Tornado XZ630, superbly flown by Paul Millet, is the second pre-series aircraft and twelfth Tornado built
B-01, the number one aircraft in the TTTE training fleet and one of two Tornadoes delivered to Cottesmore on 1 July 1980, at the moment of touchdown.
Tornadoes from No 9 Squadron at RAF Honington and No 27 Squadron at RAF Marham rehearsing the first "diamond 9" formation flown by these aircraft, for the occasion of HM The Queen's Birthday fly-past on 16 June this year.
A pair of British-built Tornado GR Mk ITs formate with a German-built example at the TTTE; all three are dual control variants, although full operational capability is retained.
On January 29, 1981 the Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment. (TTTE) was opened formally at RAF Cottesmore, Oakham, in Leicestershire. There followed a flypast of three Tornados flown by British, German and Italian aircrews. Aircraft ZA324, top, shows the Tornado with wings fully extended, ZA325, bottom, has its wings fully swept back, whilst the aircraft, centre, has its wings in the intermediate position.
A dozen of the TTTE Tornadoes on the hard-standing at RAF Cottesmore, which will have a total strength of 48 aircraft by the end of this year.
On the Tornado, these are trainers at RAF Cottesmore, the RAF fin flash is swept to run along the rudder hinge line and high enough to escape the worst of the APU exhaust sooting.
A Luftwaffe Tornado running up for take-off at Cottesmore. First numbers are TTTE identity markings, with numbers below 50 indicating dual control variants and 50 and up used on the fully-equipped IDS versions.
Aircraft in the markings of the AMI (extreme right), the Luftwaffe and the RAF on the flight line at RAF Cottesmore, the home of the Trinational Tornado Training Establishment (TTTE), which was the first Service unit to put the Tornado into operation.
The author (right) and Sqn Ldr Chris Yeo beside XZ630 at Boscombe Down during the former’s visit to the A&AEE in the summer of 1978.
The author gingerly lowers himself into the cockpit of XZ630 with the help of Jim Stuttard. The latter joined the RAF in 1968 and after two tours as a front-line fast jet navigator joined the Fast Jet Squadron at Boscombe Down for a tour. In 1981 he left the RAF to become a Flight Test Navigator for British Aerospace.
Making final adjustments to the skull-crushingly tight “bonedome”, the author settles in facing the wall of test nav-attack equipment in the rear seat of XZ630. The Tornado represented a major leap forward, having been designed as a “one-stop shop” for the day- and night bomber, all-weather strike and low-level ground-attack roles.
Итальянский, немецкий и британский "Торнадо" из TTTE. 26 мая 1986г.
IDS, ECR Germany
A Marineflieger Tornado demonstrates an ECM fit, carrying four AGM-88A anti-radar missiles (two on the fuselage and one on each inboard pylon) together with Westinghouse AN/ALQ-101 noise/deception jamming pods outboard.
Funding allocations of DM 152m (?43-24m) in Fiscal 1986 R&D defence appropriations for initial development of the electronic combat/reconnaissance version of the Tornado for the Luftwaffe have marked the official launching of this long-standing follow-on programme for 40 aircraft.
The Luftwaffe fit on the Tornado, depicted here, includes the Cerberus II active jammer in the pod under the starboard wing, with the same BOZ 100 chaff and flare pod as used by the RAF under the port wing. A full load of bombs is shown, with two Sidewinders on the inboard pylons.
"Торнадо" IDS с бомбовой кассетой MW-1
Германские "Торнадо" из состава 51-й разведывательной эскадры.
Прибытие немецкого "Торнадо" на афганскую базу Мазари-Шариф
Германский "Торнадо"ECR (об этом можно судить по отсутствующим 27-мм пушкам) из состава 51-й эскадры с противорадиолокационными ракетами AGM-88 "Харм" над Адриатикой.
The MBB-developed reconnaissance pod, which is to be used by the Luftwaffe, is here seen on a Tornado of Marinefliegergeschwader 2. It first flew on a Tornado on 14 April 1981.
A Tornado of MFG 1 from Schleswig in the anti-shipping role, with the BOZ pod to port and Cerberus II active jammer to starboard, as for the Luftwaffe. Armament includes internal cannon, a pair of AIM-9L Sidewinders and two Kormoran missiles.
"Торнадо" ECR с четырьмя ракетами AGM-88 HARM
"Торнадо" IDS с бомбовой кассетой MW-1
Пуск противокорабельной ракеты "Корморан"
IDS, ECR Italy
Итальянские "Торнадо" IDS во время операции по нанесению ударов по сербским позициям в Боснии. Осень 1995г.
"Торнадо" ECR ВВС Италии, вооруженный противорадиолокационными ракетами HARM. 12 апреля 2011 г.
"Торнадо" ECR из 155-й группо ВВС Италии отправляются на Сардинию для участия в очередных учениях. 22 февраля 2006г.
A mixed group of production and development Tornadoes at Caselle Nord, where Aeritalia has responsibility for final production of the Italian-built Tornadoes.
IDS Saudi Arabia
RSAF Hawk Mk.65A ZH996/7902 in RAF ferry’ markings, accompanied by RSAF Tornado IDS ZH915/6629.
Gr.1
Tornado ZA326, one of the first dual-control GR Mk Is built for the RAF, has now entered service with the RAE at Bedford for assorted trials duties.
The only British Tornado in other than standard RAF camouflage at present is ZA326, which is used by the Flight Systems Department at RAE Bedford for a variety of trials tasks.
Trials of the important JP 233 pod under way on the Tornado ZA354. Each of the two JP 233s carried by Tornado contains 215 area-denial mines and 30 parachute-retarded runway-cratering submunitions.
First production Panavia Tornado GR.1 interdictor/strike aircraft.
Underwing tanks and ECM pods on a Tornado GR Mk 1 of No 9 Squadron are seen prominently as the aircraft breaks over Nellis AFB, Nevada, after a sortie for Exercise Green Flag in February 1985.
An R.A.F. Tornado GR 1 of No 16 Squadron from Laarbruch, Germany, flies low over the range safety facility to bomb the target bridge. It is armed with a chaff/flare dispenser, Sky Shadow jammer and a pair of practice bomb dispensers
The trials Tornado for BAe ALARM flight development, showing a seven-missile fit with wing tanks retained
ALARM defence suppression missile, carried on a Tornado GR Mk 1, took place on 13 February 1985, at Warton, Lancs. The Tornado was carrying the maximum of nine ALARM missiles and the flight was to assess the handling of the aircraft in this new configuration.
"Нимрод" и "Торнадо" - "уходящая натура" британских ВВС
Trials of the important JP 233 pod under way on the Tornado ZA354. Each of the two JP 233s carried by Tornado contains 215 area-denial mines and 30 parachute-retarded runway-cratering submunitions.
RAF Tristar ZD953 on its way to the Azores and refuelling the Tornados for the ASCIET 99 deployment.
Дозаправка "Торнадо" GR.Mk 1. Под фюзеляжем подвешены две УАБ SPU-123/B. Ирак, февраль 1991г.
A section of the flight engineer's fuel control panel in a RAF VC 10 K.2 tanker. A Tornado GR.1 can be seen refuelling from the centreline station.
Гость шоу - Tornado GR.1 британских ВВС
Британский "Торнадо"GR.1 из состава 9-й эскадрильи с противорадиолокационными ракетами "Аларм" на подфюзеляжных пилонах. Авиабаза Брюген, Германия, май 1999г.
A Tornado of No 617 Squadron in its HAS at RAF Marham
Выкатка первого серийного "Торнадо" GR.Mk 1. Вартон, 5 июня 1979г.
A No 17 Squadron GR Mk 1 at Honington shows the RA F standard ECM fit of BOZ and Skyshadow pods on starboard and port wings. The RWE aerials are clearly seen at the top of the fin, but the weapons fit of eight 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs is non-standard for the RAF.
A Tornado of No 617 Squadron carrying the Philips BOZ-107 chaff/flare dispensing pod on the outer starboard pylon - matched to port by the Marconi ARI 23246/1 Sky Shadow pod.
Tornado ZA376, one of the four aircraft assigned to the Tornado Operational Evaluation Unit.
A close-up of the BOZ pod on a No 31 Squadron Tornado.
No II Squadron RAF GR1A Tornados are tended by maintenance crews soon after their arrival at Marham in December 1991.
16 Sqn's all-black Tornado seen at the 1990 Mildenhall Air Fete.
Although the latest Tornado GR Mk I unit to arrive in Germany - having moved from the UK in 1985 - No 9 Squadron is allocated the premier code letter series, AA to AZ. Its companions at Bruggen are No 14 (BA-BZ), No 17 (CA-CZ) and No 31 (DA-DZ). Laarbruch hosts No 15 (EA-EZ), No 16 (FA-FZ) and No 20 (GA-GZ).
One of the Tornado GR Mk Is in service with the TWCU at RAF Honington. and a close-up of the badge of No 45 Squadron adopted by this unit.
Gr.4
Британские «Торнадо» GR.4 вносят свой вклад в борьбу со Всемирным Халифатом
"Торнадо" GR.4 выруливает на старт. Осень 2011г.
Британские «Торнадо» GR.4 летают в Сирию с авиабазы Акротири на Кипре
Самолеты "Торнадо" и "Тайфун" британских ВВС на авиабазе Джиойя-дель-Колли
"Торнадо" GR.4 взлетает с авиабазы Мархэм. Вечер 19 марта 2011 г.
Британский "Торнадо" взлетел с авиабазы Мирхэм. Курс - на Ливию
Модернизированный ударный самолет "Торнадо" GR.Mk 4 с подвешенными под фюзеляж крылатыми ракетами "Сторм Шэдоу"
"Торнадо" GR.Mk 4 с типовым вооружением для действий против иракских партизан: под фюзеляжем подвешена одна SPU-123/B и контейнер-целеуказатель TIALD
На внутренних подкрыльевых пилонах этого "Торнадо" GR.Mk4 подвешены по паре противорадиолокационных ракет ALARM, под фюзеляжем - 12 противотанковых ракет Brimstone
"Торнадо" GR.Mk 4 из 9-й эскадрильи RAF выполняет полет с огибанием рельефа местности. 7 октября 2004г.
"Торнадо" GR.Mk 4 с бомбовыми кассетами JP-233
Пара британских "Торнадо" направляется для удара по иракским объектам
Британский "Торнадо" GR.Mk 4 во время очередного патрульного полета дозаправляется от американского танкера KC-135. Ирак, май 2007г.
Радостная встреча; авиабаза Мархэм. 2 ноября 2011 г.
Details
Наземный персонал подвешивает под "Торнадо" ракету HARM
The trials Tornado for BAe ALARM flight development, showing the three-missile fit on the inboard pylon that allows a nine-missile load to be carried, without wing tanks. Testing of the full ALARM load began on the Tornado on 13 February 1985.
Bombs being loaded with the help of the loading trolley specially developed for the purpose by Portsmouth Aviation.
Подвеска под "Торнадо" GR.Mk 1 бомбы GP1000 во время операции "Буря в пустыне"
Наземный персонал подвешивает под "Торнадо" контейнер лазерного целеуказания
Вверху - 1500-л и 2250-л ПТБ, внизу - устройство для постановки помех BOZ и контейнер РЭБ Sky Shadow
Правый внешний подкрыльевой пилон на "Торнадо" IDS
Механизация крыла "Торнадо" в посадочной конфигурации
Передняя и левая основная опоры шасси "Торнадо"
Турбулизаторы на киле "Торнадо"
Препарированный двигатель RB199-34R
Створки реверса левого двигателя в полетном положении
Створки реверса в рабочем положении
Зона ствола левой пушки "Торнадо" IDS
Устранение неисправности радара на "Торнадо" IDS
Осмотр приборного отсека и механизации крыла "Торнадо" GR.Mk 4
Осмотр двигателей самолета на афганской базе Мазари-Шариф. 2007г.
RAF reconnaissance Tornados will have internally-mounted Linescan 4000 IRLS, indicated by the small fairing under the fuselage, and SLIR on each side, shown by the additional windows. The installation is flying on a GR Mk 1 trials aircraft ZA402.
Внешние датчики инфракрасной разведаппаратуры "Торнадо" GR.Mk 1A
Matching the sophistication of the Tornado is a computerised flight planning facility installed in each squadron HQ. Navigators plot their intended route by hand-moving a cursor over the small map table, “punching-in” way-points. The flight plan, recorded on a small tape cassette, is then inserted into the aircraft to be flown unerringly by the autopilot.
Зона кабины экипажа "Торнадо" IDS
Wikipedia
