De Havilland Dragonfly / D.H.90
Варианты:
De Havilland - Dragonfly / D.H.90 - 1935 - Великобритания
Страна: Великобритания
Год: 1935


Легкий транспортный самолет с экипажем из одного человека
Описание:
de Havilland DH.90 Dragonfly
Flight, January 1936
THE D.H. DRAGONFLY
Flight, March 1936
AN AMATEUR'S "TWINITIATION''
Flight, April 1936
MODERN LIGHT AIRCRAFT REVIEWED
Фотографии

de Havilland DH.90 Dragonfly

Самолет DH.90 Dragonfly, внешне очень похожий на DH.89 Dragon Rapide, сильно отличался от него по конструкции. Его фюзеляж представлял собой предварительно отформованный фанерный монокок, усиленный деревянными стрингерами. Усиленная конструкция центроплана нижнего крыла позволила отказаться от подкосов между крылом и стойками шасси, а также внутренних растяжек, что облегчило доступ в кабину, рассчитанную на одного пилота и четырех пассажиров. Прототип, оснащенный двигателями Gipsy Major, совершил первый полет в Хэтфилде 12 августа 1935 года. Первый серийный DH.90A, на который установили двигатели Gipsy Major II, поднялся в воздух в феврале 1936 года. Всего построили 66 самолетов, в том числе и для военных ведомств Канады, Дании и Швеции.


ТАКТИКО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ

   de Havilland DH.90A Dragonfly

   Тип: легкий транспортный самолет с экипажем из одного человека
   Силовая установка: два рядных поршневых двигателя de Havilland Gipsy Major II мощностью 130 л. с. (97 кВт)
   Летные характеристики: максимальная скорость на оптимальной высоте 232 км/ч; крейсерская скорость на оптимальной высоте 201 км/ч; начальная скороподъемность 223 м/мин; потолок 5515 м; дальность полета 1006 км
   Масса: пустого 1128 кг; максимальная взлетная 1814 кг
   Размеры: размах крыльев 13,11 м; длина 9,65 м; высота 2,79 м; площадь крыльев 23,78 м2
   Полезная нагрузка: до четырех пассажиров в закрытой кабине

Flight, January 1936

THE D.H. DRAGONFLY
New Structural Methods Introduced in Latest De Havilland Production: Great Simplicity of Design Results in Economy of Parts: Very Complete Equipment Standardised

   BEARING a strong family resemblance to the D.H.89 Rapide, the new De Havilland differs a good deal, structurally more than aerodynamically, from that successful machine. Like the D.H.89, the D.H.90 (or Dragonfly, as it will be known) is a twin-engined biplane of familiar De Havilland plan form, with the two engines and the undercarriage faired into the lower wing. The machine has, however, been "cleaned up" in different respects as compared with the D.H.89, and is a good deal smaller in dimensions, areas and weight.
   Of the changes made in structural design, those incorporated in the wing layout are most noticeable. Whereas the D.H.89 has two sloping struts from engine mountings to top of fuselage, two inner and one outer inter-plane strut on each side, as well as a diagonal strut to brace the undercarriage laterally, the new D.H.90 has but three wing struts on each side, and the undercarriage is full cantilever. Not only is a certain amount of drag saved in this way, but the number of parts and fittings has been considerably reduced, with a resulting gain in general simplicity.
   The wing-bracing structure is interesting because of its unorthodox arrangement. There are no bracing wires in the inner bay, and those of the outer bay are in a single plane, although each lift and anti-lift wire is duplicated for safety. The double wires are, of course, placed in tandem, close together. The wing spars and ribs are of the type commonly employed in De Havilland aircraft, that is to say, of wood construction. The inner pair of inter-plane struts forms an inverted vee, meeting on a stout drag tube between the two main spars. The outer strut is a single one, also attached at its ends to the drag tube and not to either spar direct. Incidence adjustments are incorporated at the strut ends. The details are shown in the two sketches published on page 82.
   Instead of the usual wire bracing in the inner bay, the wing section of the lower wing roots has been thickened to accommodate very stout spars, which are sufficiently strong to take the loads as pure cantilevers. Several advantages arise out of this arrangement. The thick wing section of these roots makes it possible to house a petrol tank of 30 gallons capacity in each, the tanks being, of course, shaped to the wing contour. The spar ends form convenient attachments for the engine mountings and undercarriage legs, as well as for the inverted vee struts of the wing bracing. And finally, the absence of wires makes access to the cabin door easy, a step being provided on the trailing edge, and the top of the wing root forming a convenient platform.
   By supporting the landing wheels on each side, a pure cantilever undercarriage becomes possible. Each of the Turner compression struts is anchored at its top to the front spar of the wing root, light metal pads being interposed to prevent crushing of the wood of the spar. The engine bearer is a welded steel tube structure forming a cantilever beam for the engine, and having a rearward pyramid-shaped projection acting as a steadying member to the rear spar. Any tendency of the wing root to twist in a heavy landing is relieved by the inverted vee interplane strut transmitting such torque to the drag bracing of the upper wing.
   Less obvious than the changes in wing-structure design are those incorporated in the construction of the fuselage. For a good many years it has been De Havilland practice to build the fuselage as a three-ply flat-sided box, the curve being obtained afterwards by mounting the fabric covering on stringers. In the D.H.90 a totally different system has been adopted. The fuselage is, in fact, a true monocoque of wood. This has entailed a certain amount of experimentation in order to find ways and means of forming the three-ply covering to the desired shape. It is, of course, a well-known fact that a flat sheet of metal or plywood can be bent in one direction but not in two. In other words, it can be bent around a cylinder, but not around a sphere or barrel. In the D.H.90 the sides of the cabin portion of the fuselage, back to the luggage compartment, are bent to a double curvature. They are curved as seen from in front, and they are slightly curved in plan view. By experimenting, the De Havilland engineers found that if dies were used and the plywood pressed before the cement had set, it was possible to persuade the sheet to adapt itself to the double curvature. The process has now been undertaken by Saunders-Roe as a commercial proposition, and the cement used is a synthetic resin applied under heat and pressure. Aft of the luggage compartment the sides are curved in one direction only, i.e., they are straight in plan view. Consequently ordinary flat sheets can be used for the covering.
   Although the top and bottom of the fuselage of the D.H.90 are flat, the "corners" have a pronounced radius. These are built up of strips of plywood tapered off and fitted together so as to produce the desired curve, and are then glued together in the curved state. Extreme stiffness is obtained in this way, and even a considerable local pressure fails to dent these curved pieces. The only equivalents of normal longerons are light longitudinal members which serve merely to provide a surface on which the fuselage sides and curved corners can be glued.
   Regarded from the user's point of view, the De Havilland Dragonfly is a five-seater with roomy cabin accommodation and an exceptionally complete equipment supplied as standard. No attempt has been made to provide a particularly cheap aeroplane, but rather a machine which, in its standard form, is a very comfortable conveyance, equipped to go anywhere at any time, its night-landing and blind-flying equipment being absolutely complete. The cabin layout has accommodation for pilot and four passengers, one of whom sits next to the pilot, one behind him in a separate chair, and two in a sofa seat at the back of the cabin. If one attempts to judge the "commercial efficiency" according to the formula recently suggested by Mr. E. N. B. Bentley (p. 47, Flight, January 9), it is important to bear in mind not only that cabin comfort has been aimed at rather than getting the maximum number of passengers into the space available, but also that an unusually complete equipment is carried in the standard machine. This latter has naturally had its effect on the price (^2,650) Even so, however, the commercial efficiency, on Mr. Bentley's formula, works out at 3.77, which must be regarded as very good when everything is taken into consideration.
   While on the subject of figures of merit it may be mentioned that the ratio of gross to tare weight of the D.H.90 is 1.61. Superficially this indicates about an average value, but the tare weight includes 133 lb. of removable equipment, such as tool roll and grease gun, log and instruction books, airscrew covers, accumulator, three seats and cushions for sofa seat, fire extinguisher, and carpets. Furthermore, the permanent equipment is unusually complete and adds a good deal extra to the tare weight, so that everything considered the structural efficiency would appear to be above average.
   The aerodynamic figure of merit which Flight has been in the habit of using is the Everling “High-speed Figure''; for the Dragonfly this works out at 23.7, which is good for a twin-engined biplane.
   Detailed particulars of performance are given in the table on p. 80. The take-off run may appear somewhat long, but it should be realised that the permissible gross weight is rather greater than one would expect from the dimensions of the machine. That is to say, the normal gross weight figure adopted is larger than would have been quoted a few years ago. Machines are now operated in all sorts of geographic and climatic conditions, and the time appears to have come when operators must be allowed to use their discretion in the matter of load carried in their particular circumstances.
   Total tankage is provided for a still-air range of 883 miles at a cruising speed of about 125 m.p.h. The two wing-root tanks hold enough for 625 miles. Another 25 gallons can be taken in the tank built into the machine under the sofa seat.
   The standard instrument equipment of the D.H. Dragonfly includes a number of Smith's instruments, airspeed indicator, two revolution indicators, two oil-pressure gauges, eight-day watch, Husun Mark IIIA compass, one air log, P.3 type, Sperry artificial horizon and Sperry directional gyro, and three petrol meters. "Demec" navigation lights are fitted, and a Rotax landing searchlight. The electric generator is driven by a windmill, and associated with it is a 25 amp.-hr. battery. The gyro instruments are driven by two venturi tubes mounted in openings in the port lower wing root, where the airflow is of high velocity, thus enabling the blind-flying instruments to be used for the take-off. The Gipsy Major engines drive wooden airscrews with the Schwarz protective finish.

Flight, March 1936

AN AMATEUR'S "TWINITIATION''
Flying a "Little Air Liner": The New D.H. Dragonfly from the Point of View of a Single-engine Pilot
By "INDICATOR"

   DURING the past year or two I have become more and more convinced that private ownership amongst the more wealthy citizens would become universal just as soon as the right kind of aeroplane was produced. One or two manufacturers have made a genuine attempt to attract the type of owner who is really going to matter in the future, and the latest addition to the small but growing range of suitable types is the D.H.90, or Dragonfly.
   The big market is open and has been open for a number of years, but even the most optimistic of persons could hardly expect the serious business man to take kindly to the small open machine or even to the small single-engined cabin machine. Not only does he expect to go where he wants to, wet or fine, but he also expects to travel in comfort and in absolute safety with his family or his friends. Two engines are a sine qua non, as well as long range, roominess and provision for the installation of such equipment as two-way radio.
   This type of owner would probably engage a professional pilot-cum-radio operator, and the flying characteristics of the machine might not, within reason, interest him greatly. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that he would be entirely without natural curiosity and would probably feel the desire to take over during long flights. Dual control, therefore, is another essential.
   At the other end of the scale is the enthusiastic owner or would-be owner to whom the greatest interest is, or will be, in the work of piloting and navigating. Even a yacht is not much fun if a professional skipper is in permanent command. It is for this type of owner that I am speaking, and, as a single-engined light aeroplane pilot of no startling experience or skill, I can say right away that the Dragonfly would present no difficulties to any pilot with more than fifty or a hundred hours' solo flying to his credit.

Unnecessary Trepidation

   In common with the majority of club-trained amateurs, have always looked upon the medium-sized or large multi-engined machine as something rather terrifying and possessed of quaint and uncontrollable characteristics. On the various occasions when I have been left in control of devices known, euphemistically enough, to readers of the lay press as "giant air liners," I have treated them with respect and have handed over with a sigh of relief before the approach and landing. Placed precariously some yards ahead of the wings, one feels that neither a take-off nor a landing can be carried out by normal methods, and I have only comforted myself with the thought that other people manage to conduct these vessels with reasonable accuracy.
   When, therefore, Mr. Buckingham, the D.H. demonstration pilot, courageously vacated the seat of the mighty in my favour, I played nervously with the various handles of the "90" before summoning courage and pushing forward the throttles. Beyond the expected facts - a natural swing must be corrected, and, since the rudder is not directly in a slipstream, the pedals must be used with alacrity and generosity - there was nothing to trouble anyone possessed of normal common sense. When pulled off she stayed off and continued on her way at a considerable angle and with a steadily gathering speed.
   At once it was apparent that we of the light aeroplane movement have never understood the meaning of the words "forward view," nor have we realised the mentally-cramping effect of cramped surroundings. As for flying, the Dragonfly did it for herself. Within four minutes of taking over for the first time I was pushing happily through a cloud layer with eyes glued, quite unnecessarily, on the standardised Sperry equipment.
   Once above the clouds and after playing at turns for a few minutes, we - that is, Mr. Buckingham, myself and another member of the staff of Flight - played musical chairs. In other words, we climbed about the aeroplane while trying different seats. With the possible exception of two or three well-known transport aeroplanes, the "90" is the quietest machine in which I have ever flown and we conversed without a trace of that conscious raising of the voice which is usually necessary. The view even from the rear seat is good, and there is a solidity about the furnishings and furbishings which should satisfy the least airminded of citizens. The importance of this point cannot be over-stressed. After all, the Dragonfly makes a really admirable charter, machine and many taxi passengers may be having their first experience of air travel therein.
   My first approach was a frank and unvarnished failure, but, since I knew it from the very moment of closing the throttles, it could hardly be considered to be an approach within the meaning of the word. The fact was that a long, gentle turn had placed the machine thoroughly badly in relation to the Hatfield boundary, and the attempt was used for a little experiment in sideslipping. The Dragonfly slips like a Moth - and there is no need to say more.
   On a second attempt I throttled back with the full realisation that 130 m.p.h. takes a little losing with a clean aeroplane, adjusted the trim, pulled up the nose until the speed had dropped below 90 m.p.h., applied the flaps and turned towards Hatfield. We crossed the boundary at 90 m.p.h. (20 m.p.h. too fast - I was busied by the round dozen Tigers and things cavorting in the air and on the ground) yet our run had finished long before the circle was reached. This first landing was a trifle "wheely," since I was not at all sure of the height of the undercarriage, but there were none of the difficulties I had expected. I simply felt the machine on to the ground. My second landing was a full three-pointer and I knew that with another half-hour's practice the Dragonfly would be entirely "mine."
   The flaps-down gliding angle of the "90" is comparable with that of the Hornet with the air brakes "on," so that there is little chance of overshooting badly and yet no difficulty such as can be experienced with a very pronounced change of attitude during the landing process. At the same time the flaps are effective enough as brakes to allow the pilot to push the nose down, in order to steepen the approach, without gathering speed too rapidly. Although the trimming gear is of the sometimes-maligned spring-loaded elevator type, the spring mechanism is so arranged that the mechanical load is not apparent on the control when this is eased back for the hold-off and landing. In other words, one feels the air flow when it is most important that one should do.
   One little difficulty experienced is worth mentioning simply because the sequence of events shows the Dragonfly again in a foolproof light. On my second take-off the machine swung so badly that I had to throttle back and start again. Another attempt ended in the same way, despite the application of more starboard throttle and full left rudder. I was beginning to feel foolish and felt relieved when Mr. Buckingham suffered the same fate. The starboard brake was temporarily binding, and the point is, that, with no experience of the machine, I still did not get into trouble and instinctively throttled back when the swing started to develop.
   Finally, it may be remarked that the Dragonfly shows no tendency to drop a wing. A full stall, engines on or off, and flaps up or down, terminates in the gentlest fall of the nose on a perfectly level keel.

DE HAVILLAND DRAGONFLY
Two 130 h.p. Gipsy Majors

   Weight (including standard equipment) 2,500 lb.
   Disposable load 1,500 lb
   Length overall 31ft. 8in.
   Span 43ft. 0in.
   Height 9ft. 2in.
   Maximum speed 144-147 m.p.h.
   Cruising speed at 1,000ft. and 2,100 r.p.m. 127-130 m.p.h.
   Range (with 85 gallons) 885 miles
   Take-off run in 5 m.p.h. wind 205-325 yds.
   Climb to 5,000 ft 7.5 min.
   Service ceiling 15,700 ft.
   Ceiling on one engine and full load 2,100 ft.
   Gliding angle (flaps down) l in 8
   Price ?2,050.

Flight, April 1936

MODERN LIGHT AIRCRAFT REVIEWED

D.H.

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   For the owner who intends to use a machine for really serious long-distance touring at all times of the year, multiplied power units are almost essential, as well as night- and blind-flying equipment, and provision for two-way radio if this is specified. The D.H. Dragonfly is a machine in the “air liner” class, which is, at the same time, almost as easy to fly as a normal single-engined aeroplane. Comfort has been studied very seriously indeed, and the noises of exhaust and airflow have been reduced to a remarkable extent.
   Generally speaking, the same tactics are used in flying this machine as in flying any other cabin craft, and with the flaps down, the approach angle is as steep as that, for instance, of the Hornet Moth. Dual control is fitted, and the instruments include a Sperry artificial horizon and directional gyro, electrically operated revolution counters and an Air Log. Special attention has been paid to the interior furnishing in order that the machine shall compare more than favourably, in this respect, with a first-class car.
   The specification of the D.H Dragonfly is as follows: Weight empty, 2,500 lb.; disposable load, 1,500 lb.; span, 43ft.; length, 31ft. 8in.; maximum speed, 144-147 m.p.h.; cruising speed, at 1,000ft., 127-130 m.p.h.; climb to 5,000ft., 7.5 min.; range, 885 miles; price, ?2,650.
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Хотя DH.90 пользовались спросом у частных владельцев, как в Великобритании, так и в других странах, большая часть этих машин была продана коммерческим операторам.
“One of the most exquisitely pretty aeroplanes ever drafted by the hand of man.”
For luxury ownership: The D.H. Dragonfly, aptly described as "an air liner in miniature," cruises at 127 m.p.h. for 885 miles with five occupants and their luggage.
The D.H. Dragonfly (the only biplane in the race) took its turns in grand style. This view also shows the nature of the Sacombe pylon.
"Throwing it About": Mr. H. Buckingham gives the D.H.90 a thorough try-out above the clouds.
De Havilland Dragonfly. Cabin Aircraft for 5 persons and luggage. Two Gipsy Major 130 h.p. engines.
The D.H. "Dragonfly" Five-seat Cabin Biplane (two 130 h.p. D.H. "Gipsy-Major" engines).
The D.H. Dragonfly gave an impressive demonstration of flying with one engine stopped completely.
INSTRUCTIONAL FLEET: Now that the London Aeroplane Club have obtained their new D.H. Dragonfly for twin-engined training their instructional fleet is one of the most complete in the country. In this Flight photograph there will be seen the Dragonfly, two Hornet Moths and five of the six Tiger Moths. In the foreground (though not to be recognised) are Messrs. Rodwell, Harris, Goodyear and Maclaren, respectively secretary, chief instructor and assistant instructors.
De Havilland Dragonfly G-AEDU, bought by American millionaire property developer Charles A. Osborne of Louisville, Kentucky, at Christie’s Duxford auction, took off on June 10, 1983 on the first leg of its ferry flight to the USA. The aircraft, fitted with radio for the first time in its life, was piloted by American pilots Mike Simmons and Charles Shontz.
The world’s sole airworthy D.H.90 Dragonfly G-AEDU, has just been restored by Cliff Lovell for owners Martin Barraclough and Tony Haig Thomas and is seen arriving at Leicester.
AIR PORTRAITS' superb photograph of D.H.90 Dragonfly G-AEDU and D.H.89A Dragon Rapide G-AHGD, photographed near Old Warden on June 27, 1982. Both aircraft were designed by Arthur Hagg. The Dragonfly, currently the only airworthy example of its breed, is now flying in the USA.
"Дрэгонфлай", ранее принадлежавший южноафриканской авиакомпании, и английский военно-санитарный "Дрэгон Рапид".
The de Havilland D.H.90 Dragonfly G-AEDU, jointly owned by Tony Haig-Thomas and Martin Barraclough, in formation with Michael Astor's D.H.89A Dragon Rapide G-AHGD, photographed near Old Warden on June 27, 1982 by AIR PORTRAITS.
DH.90 Dragonfly (на фото) с фюзеляжем полумонококовой конструкции из дерева являлся уменьшенным вариантом Rapide, рассчитанным на пять пассажиров, и оснащался парой моторов DH Gipsy Major. В конечном итоге построили 67 самолетов DH.90.
de Havilland D.H.90 Dragonfly.
At DEAUVILLE: Air Marshal Joubert de la Ferte prepares to start his Dragonfly - actually the D.H. and London Club training and general communication machine.
The author's D.H.90 Dragonfly used as a hack during his period with Air Transport.
Mr. Lindsay Everard, M.P. (facing camera), snapped with friends during the Austrian Tour. He participated in his D.H. Dragonfly, flown by Flt. Lt. A. Hole.
Popular De Havilland biplane: the Gipsy Major-powered twin-engined Dragonfly for the private owner and light commercial work
A little air liner ... side-by-side dual control five-seater ... a new degree of comfort and quietness in a spacious saloon ventilated with warmed and fresh air ... fully equipped ... tankage for 900 miles ... all day cruising at 125 miles per hour.
LIMOUSINE TAXI: A pleasing camera study of the De Havilland Dragonfly lately supplied to Rhodesia and Nyassaland Airways. This model has proved so popular as to encourage the construction of a larger machine - the Dolphin - of similar layout with a pair of the new Series II Gipsy Six engines.
Three De Havilland "Dragonflys" purchased by the Rumanian Government for crew-training.
Types of competing machines: D.H. Dragonfly
The experimental D.H. 90 (two Gipsy Majors), unfortunately scratched. It is the first D.H. biplane to appear with an unequal span since the experimental Airco 4R machine built for the Aerial Derby of 1919.
AN AFRICAN RALLY: More than seventy machines appeared at the Lourenco Marques aerodrome for the air rally early last month.In this aerial photograph most of them are seen parked in front of the D.E.T.A. hangar. On the tarmac are this concern's three recently acquired Ju.52s, while on the right there are the four Rapides, the Dragonfly and the Hornet which are also used by the company.
"... a quick inspection of the new control tower and buildings at Liverpool ..." The A.S.T. Dragonfly and Vega Gull on the tarmac at Speke.
The D.H. "Dragonfly" Seaplane (two 130 h.p. D.H. "Gipsy-Major" engines).
Suitable either as a luxury private owner's machine or as a transport trainer, the D.H. Dragonfly has been fitted with floats for work in Canada.
The cabin is roomy and comfortable with luxurious upholstered seats for five people, 40 cubic feet per person.
The cabin of the D.H. Dragonfly is light and roomy and both soundproofing and ventilation have been carefully studied. If a radio set is required, this is mounted immediately behind the pilot's seat. As will be seen from the diagram, the luggage is carried in a separate compartment which is reached from the outside.
DRAGONFLY FOR BLIND FLYING TRAINING
FULL DUAL: Three specially equipped D.H. Dragonfly trainers for Roumania have recently been completed at Hatfield. The machines are specially interesting in that, apart from the Standard two-way and D.F. radio equipment (right), they are fitted with fully duplicated and very completely equipped blind-flying panels (left). In fact, the only instrument not to be found on each panel is the homing indicator; the duplicate in this case is naturally with the radio equipment.
A Dragonfly interior as provided for H.H. The Maharaja of Indore
Dragonfly G-AEDU languishing outside its American owner’s hangar following its crash last autumn. The severe damage to the lower centre section can just be made out in the shadows under the port wing.
The pristine Dragonfly VR-SAX flying over the jungles of S.E. Asia.
The Dragonfly's port undercarriage buckling in a groundloop at Tourane.
Marshalling the "low tow" at Tourane with Dorado being pulled out of the mud in the background.
“They built a bamboo and thatch hangar, erected sheer legs and with local help devised an ingenious wooden framework, within which the dismantled fuselage could be suspended from its cabin roof eye-bolts on four block and tackles.
Inspecting the damage in the rain at Alor Star.
Vines, Shell Station Manager ana Sculfor discuss how to salvage VR-SAX at Vientiane.
Ample room everywhere and a noise level reduced to the neighbourhood of 70 decibels are features of the D.H.90 cabin. The accommodation provides for pilot and four passengers, one seated next to the pilot. Note the dual flying controls. An extra petrol tank of 25 gallons capacity is installed under the rear seat.
The D.H.90 Dragonfly shown partly "in skeleton."
A diagrammatic view of the Dragonfly's cabin layout, which is extraordinarily spacious. Any of the passengers and/or pilots can change seats in the air without the slightest difficulty. In addition to the main windows, small windows at the rear give the back-seat passengers a view downwards without neck-craning.
The lower wing roots of the D.H.90 are of thick section, and in addition to carrying the wing bracing as cantilever beams they contain the two main petrol tanks, each of 30 gallons capacity, and also carry the engine mountings and undercarriage structure.
Details of lower wing root, engine mounting and undercarriage attachment.
One of the petrol tanks in the lower wing root, and details the torque-tube-operated Elektron wing flap.
Outer wing strut attachments of the Dragonfly, with incidence adjustment.
D.H.90